The Biden administration on Wednesday finalized strict limits on certain so-called "forever chemicals" in drinking water that will require utilities to reduce them to the lowest level they can be reliably measured. Officials say this will reduce exposure for 100 million people and help prevent thousands of illnesses, including cancers.
The rule is the first national drinking water limit on toxic PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are widespread and long lasting in the environment.
The Ohio EPA conducted a statewide study to determine how dangerous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are getting into local water sources. PFAS are often called "forever chemicals" because they can take centuries to break down.
The Ohio EPA said now that we have a good idea where they are, the next step is figuring out the source.
Here is a map of local water treatment plants and whether or not PFAS were detected:
The Richard Miller Frank Harris Sr. Treatment Plant is the source of about 90% of Cincinnati’s water.
Jeff Swertfeger with Greater Cincinnati Water Works explains how they treat the water for PFAS.
"Here's what we call our granular activated carbon. It's coal that's been crushed up into small, sand-like particles and it’s baked at a very high temperature,” Swertfeger said. “That makes this substance very sticky to these PFAS like compounds."
That process keeps PFAS compounds out of our drinking water at that plant.
"What the EPA tells us, they just came out last year with a revised health level for that,” Swertfeger said. “What they're saying is this stuff even at small levels can have some health impacts for people."
The remaining 10% of customers are served by the Charles Bolton plant, where PFAS compounds were detected above the proposed EPA regulatory levels.
Anne Vogel says treating the water is not cheap, so it will be much more cost effective if they can identify how it's getting into the water.
“If we can stop it from getting into the water, it really is a is a more cost effective solution than treating it at the end," Vogel said.
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Health advocates praised the Environmental Protection Agency for not backing away from tough limits the agency proposed last year. But water utilities took issue with the rule, saying treatment systems are expensive to install and that customers will end up paying more for water.
The EPA said that reducing forever chemicals in water can be achieved by using granular activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange systems.
Water providers will generally have three years to do testing. If those test exceed the limits, they'll have two more years to install treatment systems, according to EPA officials.
Water providers are entering a new era with significant additional health standards that the EPA says will make tap water safer for millions of consumers — a Biden administration priority. The agency has also proposed forcing utilities to remove dangerous lead pipes.
Utility groups warn the rules will cost tens of billions of dollars each and fall hardest on small communities with fewer resources. Legal challenges are sure to follow.
EPA Administrator Michael Regan says the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken on PFAS.
"The result is a comprehensive and life changing rule, one that will improve the health and vitality of so many communities across our country," said Regan.
PFAS chemicals are hazardous because they don't degrade in the environment and are linked to health issues such as low birth weight and kidney cancer. They've been used in everyday products including nonstick pans, firefighting foam and waterproof clothing. Although some of the most common types are phased out in the U.S., others remain. Water providers will now be forced to remove contamination put in the environment by other industries.
"It's that accumulation that's the problem," said Scott Belcher, a North Carolina State University professor who researches PFAS toxicity. "Even tiny, tiny, tiny amounts each time you take a drink of water over your lifetime is going to keep adding up, leading to the health effects."
Environmental and health advocates praised the rule, but said PFAS manufacturers knew decades ago the substances were dangerous yet hid or downplayed the evidence. Limits should have come sooner, they argue.
"Reducing PFAS in our drinking water is the most cost effective way to reduce our exposure," said Scott Faber, a food and water expert at Environmental Working Group. "It's much more challenging to reduce other exposures such as PFAS in food or clothing or carpets."
Over the last year, EPA has periodically released batches of utility test results for PFAS in drinking water. Roughly 16% of utilities found at least one of the two strictly limited PFAS chemicals at or above the new limits. These utilities serve tens of millions of people. The Biden administration, however, expects about 6-10% of water systems to exceed the new limits.
Some funds are available to help utilities. Manufacturer 3M recently agreed to pay more than $10 billion to drinking water providers to settle PFAS litigation. And the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law includes billions to combat the substance. But utilities say more will be needed.
The new regulation is "going to throw public confidence in drinking water into chaos," said Mike McGill, president of WaterPIO, a water industry communications firm.
The American Water Works Association, an industry group, says it supports the development of PFAS limits in drinking water, but argues the EPA's rule has big problems.
The agency underestimated its high cost, which can't be justified for communities with low levels of PFAS, and it'll raise customer water bills, the association said. Plus, there aren't enough experts and workers — and supplies of filtration material are limited.
Work in some places has started. The company Veolia operates utilities serving about 2.3 million people across six eastern states and manages water systems for millions more. Veolia built PFAS treatment for small water systems that serve about 150,000 people. The company expects, however, that roughly 50 more sites will need treatment — and it's working to scale up efforts to reduce PFAS in larger communities it serves.
Such efforts followed dramatic shifts in EPA's health guidance for PFAS in recent years as more research into its health harms emerged. Less than a decade ago, EPA issued a health advisory that PFOA and PFOS levels combined shouldn't exceed 70 parts per trillion. Now, the agency says no amount is safe.
Public alarm has increased, too. In Minnesota, for example, Amara's Law aims to stop avoidable PFAS use. It's been nearly a year since the law's namesake, Amara Strande, died from a rare cancer her family blames on PFAS contamination by 3M near her high school in Oakdale, although a connection between PFAS and her cancer can't be proven. Biden administration officials say communities shouldn't suffer like Oakdale. 3M says it extends its deepest condolences to Amara's friends and family.
Losing Amara pushed the family towards activism. They've testified multiple times in favor of PFAS restrictions.
"Four parts per trillion, we couldn't ask for a better standard," Amara's sister Nora said. "It's a very ambitious goal, but anything higher than that is endangering lives."
